Introduction
Imputation is a wonderful principle of the Plan of God, and you
have been involved with imputation since the day you were saved.
To impute means "to set something to one's account."
In the Bible imputation is used as a legal term in several
different ways. For example, when Paul sent Onesimus back to Philemon,
he told Philemon that if Onesimus had incurred any debts they
were to be put on Paul's account (Philemon 17,18).
When a groom says to a bride "with all my worldly good I
thee endow", he is talking about imputation, placing to the
bride's account all of his property.
The Greek verb for imputation is logidzomai. It
is used more than 40 times in the New Testament, ten times in
Romans 4 alone, the imputation chapter. In the KVJ of Romans 4
it's translated "counted" in 4:3,5, "reckoned"
in 4:4,10, and "imputed" in 4:6,8,11,22,23,24.
Three Imputations in the Bible
In the first type of imputation, God imputes to us what actually
belongs to us in the first place. Where Romans 5:12 says that
"death passed upon (logidzomai) all men, for that
all have sinned", death is part of our spiritual heritage
from Adam. Death has been reckoned to our account. Adam's sins
was not his alone, but it was placed on every person's account,
on the debit side, you might say.
In the second type of imputation, God the Father imputes to the
Lord Jesus Christ that which does not belong to him. 2 Cor. 5:21
says that "he (Christ) was made to be (logidzomai)
sin for us, even though he knew no sin...". This is the Bible
concept of substitution; Christ died for our sins, not his own.
Isaiah 53:4-6. The verse does not say that Christ became
a sinner, but that sin was set to his account that was not his.
The third type of imputation occurs when God imputes (credits)
to the sinner what is not actually his. Again, 2 Cor. 5:21, "that
we might be made the righteousness of God in him." Here,
the actual perfect righteousness of God is credited to us. This
righteousness, which is placed on the credit side of our ledger,
is known as imputed righteousness or justification.
God declares men to be righteous on the basis of faith.
Read Romans 4:3. "Abraham believed God and it was
counted to him (logidzomai) for righteousness". God
makes men righteous on the basis of practice by the Word
(John 17:17) and the filling of the Holy Spirit. (See Topic: Sanctification)
logidzomai from the Lexicons
A study of various Greek lexicons shows that logidzomai
has some very interesting uses in the Bible. If you will study
each of these verses in the context, it will help you to understand
the concept better, and you will find a lot of practical application
for this doctrine. Here is a list of three principal meanings
for logidzomai in the Bible and in other sources of New
Testament Greek studies.
To reckon; to calculate
The word means "to count, to take something into account"
in 1 Cor. 13:5 (cf. Zech. 8:17); 2 Cor. 5:19; Rom. 4:8 (cf. Ps.
32:2); and 2 Tim. 4:16.
It is used in Romans 4:4, 4:6; and 4:11 in the sense of "crediting."
It means "to credit something to someone" in Romans
4:3,5,9,22; Gal. 3:16; James 2:23 (cf. Romans 4:10,23ff; Gen.
15:6; Ps. 106:31).
In the commercial world of New Testament times, logidzomai
was a technical term "to charge to someone's account"
and was so used in 2 Cor. 12:6. (Other references: 0rientis
Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae, edited by Dittenberger, 1903;
and Fayum Towns and Their Papyri, by Grenfell, Hunt, et
al.)
The idea of calculation is seen in other places in the concepts
of "to evaluate, to estimate, to consider, to look upon as,
something, as a result of calculation". You will see this
in Acts 19:27 (cf. Isa. 40:17) and Rom. 9:8; 2:26.
The word is used in the sense of "to count" or "to
classify". In Greek Papyri in the British Museum,
Kenyon and Bell said of a camel's colt: "which is now classed
among the full grown." In the Bible, see Mark 15:28; Luke
22:37 (cf. Isa. 53:12).
Still under the idea of reckoning or calculation, logidzomai
means "to consider; to look upon someone as", as in
1 Cor. 4:1; 2 Cor. 10:2; Rom. 8:36 (cf. Ps. 44:22); Rom. 6:11.
Think about; ponder; consider; let one's mind dwell on.
This is the word logidzomai used in the sense of one's
mental preparation for the act of "reckoning" or "imputing"
something to someone's account or credit. It means "to have
in mind, to propose, to purpose". See Phil. 4:8; John 11:50;
Heb. 11:19; 2 Cor. 10:2,11.
It is used as "to think; to believe; to be of the opinion"
in Rom. 2:3; 3:28; 8:18; 14:14; Phil. 3:13; 2 Cor. 11:5; and 1
Pet. 5:12.
Words from the Papyri
Oxyrynchus Papyri XII, "the due amounts in money and corn
are reckoned here" (107 or 108 AD)
ibid III, "let my revenues be placed on deposit
at the storehouse" (2nd or 3rd Century AD)
Florentine Papyri (AD 254), "reckoning the wine
to him at sixteen drachmae..."
Source materials for this article: Unger's Bible Dictionary; Kittel's
NT Greek Lexicon; Chester McCalley's written notes on imputation;
Moulton and Milligan studies in the papyri.